| New Civilization: Enlightenment | |
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11 Dec 2005 @ 07:33, by Shreepal Singh
How complex are the ordinary things, say a pebble on the road side, a grain of sand at the beach or a leaf on the branch of a tree? How complex are insects, animals or human beings? Do we understand these complexities? Do we understand them fully?
We know certain aspects of these complexities and we are sure about them. Some of these aspects are part of curricula of school children. But some of these aspects we merely guess and still are trying to grasp.
However, even the things that we know for certain are yet not the part of human psyche. We know them but we do not accept the logical conclusions of this knowledge.
Mind – science – has opened the floodgates of the unknown secrets of nature and some of these unveiled secrets of infinite are rushing in to change human being’s perception of nature for ever. These revealed secrets are laying foundation of a new civilization, a civilization that is open to truth and concomitant change it brings, however hard this change may have an impact of the psyche of human being.
What we know today is this: Everything is made of matter. Every object whatever its kind is matter. And, human beings are no exception to this universal truth. And, in fact what is matter?
Science tells us today that there are four fundamental forces of Nature, Gravity, Electromagnetic interaction, the Weak interaction and the Strong interaction. Out of these gravity is the least and electromagnetic, comparatively, the most understood force by man.
The mathematical theory that gives logical description of all the known elementary particles and their inter-actions called the Standard Model of Particle physics, deals with all these forces except gravity and predicts the existence of twelve kinds of particles, or fermions. These fermions consist of neutrinos (electron neutrino, muon neutrino and tau neutrino, that is, neutrinos interacting with electron, muon and tau respectively) and six quarks (vide Britannica Book of the Year 2001, p. 262)
All fermions are force-carrying particles. Protons and neutrons within the atomic nucleus are made of up and down quarks respectively, and electrons in the outer casing of atoms are made up of fermions called leptons. The weak: interaction is carried by the bosons that, unlike photons and gravitons, have large masses. The weak interaction acts on both quarks and leptons and has short range of action. It is closely related to the electromagnetic interaction and, on the works of 1999 Nobel Prize winners Geradus Hooft and Martinus Veltman, electroweak interaction unites them together.
The strong interaction between quarks had been difficult to understand, as it was not possible to produce free quarks. They exist in the aggregates of two or three in the form of, say, a proton.
However, each quark, in addition to a quantified electric charge, has a quantified colour-charge, a property that is similar to colour in concept. Quarks carry the colour charge red, blue or green and each quark has its opposite an antiquark, which carry colour charge antired, anti blue or antigreen. Aggregates of quarks, which exist freely as protons or neutrons, are colour neutral. The force between quarks is carried by gluons, which like photons have no mass but which unlike photons have colour charge. In the case of gluons also there are colour charge and its opposite anticolour charge.
Baffling human mind is the entity that we call 'matter'. We know the 'matter' and harness its properties to our advantage, and yet we do not know what in essence it is. The more we know about it, it becomes apparent that less we know about it. In 'A B Cs of Quantum Mechanics' Rydnik says: ‘Mass, charge, spin, parity. Give exact definition of each of these particle characteristics! And make the definition independent, that is, do not express one quantity in terms of another, say, mass in terms of the force of weight, or charge in terms of the force of attraction and repulsion. You won't get far if you do. We are always using these concepts but not a single physicist in the world today knows what they really mean "deep down." That is the situation with quantum mechanics as of today. It makes extensive use of things like mass, charge and other ideas borrowed from classical physics. And it discovered some new things of its own that describe partjcles-spin and parity, for instance. But it can say no more about the origin of these features than it can about the origin of mass and charge.
Indeed, what is mass? There are two answers. First: mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in a body. It may be understood as the quantity of atomic nuclei (since they contain the bulk of the mass of atoms) in a given volume of substance... The second definition of mass is that mass is a measure of the inertia of a body, in other words, a measure of the resistance the body offers to any change in its state. In the most elementary case, mass determines the resistance of a body to any alteration in its position in space...
On the present view, particles experience actual transformations and also so-called virtual transformations that underlie their interactions. Thus mass acquires yet another aspect in determining the energy of the virtual quanta of fields. All this makes mass a very intricate concept. On the one hand, mass is some kind of characteristic of the particle as such; on the other, mass is a determining factor in all interactions of the particle.
Undoubtedly, the other particle characteristics should be just as complicated. Today, all inner essence of entities of the micro-world come up against this greatest of unconquered peaks of physics- the interaction of the two basic forms of matter, substance and the field. Particles of substance possess properties of the field. Field quanta have material properties... Which is the 'most fundamental', which is primary - substance or the field?
Einstein spent many years working on a unified field theory that would incorporate all known types of fields and particles, but all his attempts failed. Physicists gradually came to the view that neither field nor substance is primary, that both in equal measure are the fundamental and primary aspects of matter as such.’
In our search of elemental primary unit of matter, we have gone deep down its staircase and found that at some level matter and field of energy merge into each other. These both become different facets of a single thing that appear differently under different conditions. In relativistic theory a particle is an excitation quantum of the corresponding field. Moreover, the very concepts "particle" and "field" merge into a unified "quantum field." Interactions of different quantum fields cause quantum particles to scatter, breed or transmute into other quantum particles.
It was thought for long time that it would be impossible to find a theory that could explain and calculate the effects of strong interaction between quarks. David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek have explained this effect in their theory for which they have been awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize. They discovered a property of the strong interaction (or colour interaction in Quantum ChromoDynamics) that explains why quarks may behave almost as free particles only at high energies. According to them, gluons - the force carriers of quarks - interact not only with quarks but also with each other. This means that the closer quarks come to each other, the weaker the quark colour -charge and the weaker the interaction. Quarks come closer to each other when the energy increases and therefore the interaction strength decreases with energy.
According to Einstein kinetic energy can be transformed into new particles, say, into quarks with mass and kinetic energy. These quarks are created very deep within the process and very close to each other but moving away from each other at an extremely fast speed. Their discovery made it possible to complete the Standard Model of Particle Physics and constituted a significant step in unified description of all the forces of Nature working at the tiniest distances within the atomic nucleus to the vast distances of the universe.
In Nature, we find that each of the said fundamental particle has its antiparticle, which is its mirror image. And, science tells us that not only the particles must obey this law of conservation of symmetry but their respective antiparticles also must obey this law. In other words, where a particle is reversed into antiparticle, that is, its direction of Time is reversed, it is reflected in space in a way that all its spatial dimensions are reversed and its charge is conjugated, then C, P and T of this antiparticle must also conserve symmetry. However, recently small asymmetries in quantum mechanical systems were observed by scientists.
This invariance of symmetries of particles and antiparticles in Nature tells us that there are two opposite worlds existing side by side in nature. Now, we know that there are certain universal inherent relationships between two opposite entities. Firstly, the two opposite entities attract each other. Secondly, if these two are allowed to come together as a result of their mutual attraction they cancel each other resulting in annihilation of both. Thirdly, if the two opposite entities are to maintain their respective separate existence, then there is the requirement of an intervening centrifugal force to counterbalance the force of attraction. And, fourthly, this counterbalancing force is not an integral part of any of the two opposite entities but is the product of some outside force that fuels the mechanism of nature.
Then, why particles and their antiparticles do not smash into each other and mutually annihilate? Obviously, they do not smash and annihilate. Then, what is that centrifugal force that keeps the two apart? And, what is that third force that set this mechanism into motion?
We do not have the answer, but these questions indicate that Nature is deeper in its intention and work than we expected. This unmistakably points to a deeper law and secret purpose of Nature. This deeper law, when discovered and harmonized with the Einstein’s Relativity, would change the man's way of thinking completely. As ever, horizon of the unknown is distant, as distant as it looked when man for the first time discovered that pebbles are not pebbles but weapons, and its expanse infinite.
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Category: Articles
1 comment
11 Dec 2005 @ 14:05 by Istvan @68.105.165.74 : Think on this
It all sounds frighteningly familiar to depict nay, but an ordinart love affair.
To propagate against all odds to be annihilatrd, yet to persevere in similar/familiar, but different manifestations.
Thank you for this article.
It helps to transform from Protonic thinking toward the Photonic.
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